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Mongolians carefully maintain knowledge of their genealogies, which can stretch back to ancient times. Accounts of the descent of their relatives and children help to define families as a unique social unit and as a site for a process of biological and social inheritance. It is a sacred duty to trace one’s genealogical descent well. The paternal relative is agnatic, the maternal relative is cognate. Our ancestors knew their genealogy back seven generations, starting from themselves and their father and extending back to their grandfather, (elents) great-grandfather, (khulants) great-great-grandfather, (öndör) great-great-great-grandfather and (zürkhen) great-great-great-great-grandfather. They trace children starting from themselves to their son, (jich) grandson, (guch) great-grandson, (döch) great-great-grandson and (tach) great-great-great-grandson.

PNG plants naturally and wildly grow in the country's tropical environment (on both coastal and higher altitudes) while others are nurtured. Distinct plants are used by different traditional societies. Fibers are extracted from barks of these plants.

Color stored fiber is well dried and stored as fiber storage for bilum making. They easily accessed when needed for the type of bilum the weaver intends to make. Current generation of weaver used the main colors for traditional bilum weaving.

This is the template structure of common Sepik bilum with different parts to be put together. It has standard layers including common colors, straight line patterns, and the number of used ropes. This maintains the strong identity of the common features of the popular Sepik sacred bilum.

PNG plants naturally and wildly grow in the country's tropical environment (on both coastal and higher altitudes) while others are nurtured. Distinct plants are used by different traditional societies. Fibers are extracted from barks of these plants.

Vibrant yellow color for dying is extracted from turmeric plant. It is a common color used for bilum and grass skirt-making. The main traditional colors are red, white, black, and yellow; supplementary colors are also used.

Color stored fiber is well dried and stored as fiber storage for bilum making. They easily accessed when needed for the type of bilum the weaver intends to make. Current generation of weaver used the main colors for traditional bilum weaving.

These are main features of the popular sacred Sepik bilum designs and patterns. With names in Buki Arapesh dialect, these pieces depict the most sacred traditions, cultural values, rituals for harvest and festivals, leadership status, and prestige in a traditional social system.

The North Wosera bilums are found among the South Abelam people scattered on the low hills of Sepik plains of Maprik, East Sepik Province. The colors and pattern in layers and variations are distinct features in the common Sepik bilum.

Rigo Bilum.\n\nRigo bilum pieces found in Central Province have distinct local dialect names and serve different purposes. The bilum has common features such as national colors, structure, designs, and patterns.