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type
ICH Elements 2
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The five Cultural Protected Water Body(CPWB) Types in Fiji
The five Cultural Protected Water Body(CPWB) Types in Fiji A total of five Cultural Protected Water Body types (CPWBs) were found to be practiced to varying degrees in Fiji: 1.Funerary protected area 2.‘‘Conception of eldest child’’, ‘ 3.‘Meconium’’, 4.Male ‘‘Circumci- sion’’, and ‘5.‘Chiefly investiture’’. The five CPWB types in both freshwater and marine systems of Fiji encompass the life cycle of an iTaukei, from conception until death (Fig. 3). Conception protected area (ConcPA) Anon (1896), reporting on reasons for the decline in iTaukei population, documented that 50% of first-born children died, and the rate was almost as high for the second and third child. This high mortality rate was attributed to stillbirth, abortion (Hocart 1912; Henderson 1931), ignorance (Deane 1921), and women planting and fishing until the day of birth (Hocart 1912; Thomson 1968). Women of noble birth had privileged treatment (Henderson 1931), where the first born, known as dra tabu, meaning ‘holy blood’ (Tuwere 2002), were pampered starting from conception (Seruvakula 2000). For three to eight months, the expecting mother does not cut her hair or bathe, and is prohibited from all chores so as to prevent miscarriage (Hocart 1912; 1952). On her eighth month of pregnancy, she goes fishing, and the catch was used in a feast known as isilisili ni bukete, or bathing of the pregnant mother (Hocart 1912). Deane (1921), on the other hand, reported that she remained in her house until 100 nights after birth, after which she bathed in the river, followed by a feast. Between these authors, only Hocart (1952) explicitly stated that the river was tabu after birth. Meconium During labor, the presence of meconium stained amniotic fluid in the baby’s trachea can be indicative of fetal stress and hypoxia, which in the past would require suctioning to remove as it is known to cause respiratory distress and can be fatal (Ahanya et al. 2005). Historically, an iTaukei baby would be given candlenut juice from the Aleurites mollucana plant to induce vomiting of the ‘‘bad drink while in the womb’’ (Toganivalu 1911; Hocart 1912). Normally, newborns will physically pass meconium within 24 to 48hours of birth. Delays beyond this can be life threatening to the baby’s health (Buonpane et al. 2019), which could be the reason why sighting of first excrement in the past was celebrated with a feast. Other than two districts actively practicing MecPA, 150 (92%) never have, while nine have ceased. An example of the latter is Fulaga island in Lau province (Thompson 1940) where the practice has ceased. From community interviews, an elder in his sixties from Koroalau District in Vanua Levu, reported that MecPA was never a practice, despite Hocart (1952) reporting it as being the case in the past. In Naitasiri Province, an interviewee who was 10 years old in 1975, recalled his father explaining of a MecPA being implemented for their chief’s eldest son. Back then, leaves known as culugi were used for wrapping the Chief’s eldest son’s first excrement before placement at sea. That portion of the sea was then tabu for 100 nights. Since that time, the interviewee has not seen MecPA being implemented. One of the reasons provided was conflicts over chieftainship; the incumbent was not installed traditionally, which negated most rituals customarily accorded to a chief. Conversely, a Naitasiri informant explained that MecPAs are occasionally done today but only by those who have the traditional and financial resources. Where it is done, it is referred to as ‘wai ni dei xx’, or ‘water for xx’s meconium’ where xx is the child’s name.
Fiji -
Geumsok Hwaljajang (Metal Movable Type Making)
National Intangible Cultural Heritage, Republic of Korea Geumsok Hwaljajang refers to the skill of making metal printing type and printing books with it, or to an artisan with such a skill. The world’s first metal printing type was made during the Goryeo Period (877 – 1394). A reprinted version of a book Nammyeong Cheon hwasangsong jeungdoga (Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong) printed with metal type in Gaegyeong after the Goryeo Dynasty relocated the capital to Ganghwado in 1232 (the 19th year of the reign of King Gojong) is still extant. The printing of Sangjeong yemun (Detailed and Authentic Codes of Ritual and Etiquette) with metal type tells us that the skill had developed earlier. During the Joseon Period (1392 – 1910), metal printing type was improved, with the central government offices playing a leading role. In Korea, metal type was made with a forging technique. The production process is composed of four stages, cutting out letter patterns, making prototypes, forging and finishing. There are two kinds of metal type production, depending on forging techniques used. These are lost-wax casting, which was chiefly used at the beginning, and sand casting, which was commonly used after the introduction of Chojugabinja which was the first metal type, during the reign of King Sejong in 1434. Metal printing type is a work of comprehensive art made with a combination of many diverse skills and techniques that display the ingenuity of Koreans.
South Korea