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Mar-chang or wine oblation ceremony is an offering of Chang-phue (first share of wine) or offering of wine to invoke the glorious teacher, the four assemblages of deities, the dakas and dakinis (celestial beings) of the three realms, the dwellers of charnel grounds, guardians of directions, the local guardians (Kshetrapalas) and asking them to remove all obstacles so that the work may be accomplished successfully. On certain occasions, such as an elaborate Chib-dre ceremony, the Mar-chang offering is performed twice. The first offering takes place outdoors at the end of the Chib-dre procession while the second offering is made during the Zhug-dre phun-sum tshog-pa (Ceremonial setting) ceremony. Performance of the Mar-chang ceremony is not limited to specific places but is held anywhere depending on the nature of the programme — be it in the temple, residence, courtyard, or in an open ground. The Mar-chang ceremony is in line with the traditional custom of presenting a guest with wine called Dong-chang (reception wine) in a container, the lip of which was decorated with three horns of butter (Yar-dron) on the guest’s first visit. This Dong-chang or Mar-chang gesture is to wish the guest a long life and success in all his endeavours. So, the act of offering first to the deities and then to the honoured guest is clearly depicted in ceremonial presentation. The verses for the marchang ceremony were composed by Kunkhen Pema Karpo in the 16th century. During the ceremony, in accordance with the recitation of the verses by monks, the marchang is offered first to the lamas and deities, and then offered to the dignitary. After the Mar-chang is offered to the guest, it is followed by the offering of a small white flag. For the reigning monarch and the Head Abbot, instead of the white flag, the National Flag of Bhutan is offered. The offering of flag symbolises victory over all the negative forces, and increases fortune and luck for the people.